SKU: 51060473236

Roman Empire Constantine I AD 307-337 AE3 BI Nummus / ANGELS OF VICTORY NGC (12)

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Roman Empire Constantine I AD 307-337 AE3 BI Nummus / ANGELS OF VICTORY NGC (12)Roman Empire Constantine I AD 307 337 AE3 BI Nummus Obverse: Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right. Reverse: Two Victories (Nikes) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT PR on cippus. In ancient Roman religion, Victoria or Victory was the personified goddess of victory. She is the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike, and was associated with Bellona. She was adapted from the Sabine agricultural goddess Vacuna and had



Roman Empire



Constantine I AD 307-337

AE3 BI  Nummus

Obverse: Laureate, helmeted, cuirassed bust
right.

Reverse: Two Victories (Nikes) standing, facing each other, together holding
shield reading VOT/PR on cippus.



In ancient Roman religion, Victoria or
Victory was the personified goddess of victory. She is the Roman equivalent of
the Greek goddess Nike, and was associated with Bellona. She was adapted from
the Sabine agricultural goddess Vacuna and had a temple on the Palatine Hill.
The goddess Vica Pota was also sometimes identified with Victoria.



Unlike the Greek Nike, the goddess Victoria (Latin for "victory") was a major
part of Roman society. Multiple temples were erected in her honor. When her
statue was removed in 382 CE by Emperor Gratianus there was much anger in Rome.
She was normally worshiped by triumphant generals returning from war.



Also unlike the Greek Nike, who was known for success in athletic games such as
chariot races, Victoria was a symbol of victory over death and determined who
would be successful during war.



Victoria appears widely on Roman coins, jewelry, architecture, and other arts.
She is often seen with or in a chariot, as in the late 18th-century sculpture
representing Victory in a quadriga on the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany;
"Il Vittoriano" in Rome has two.



Winged figures, very often in pairs, representing victory and referred to as
"victories", were common in Roman official iconography, typically hovering high
in a composition, and often filling spaces in spandrels or other gaps in
architecture. These represent the spirit of victory rather than the goddess
herself. They continued to appear after Christianization of the Empire, and
slowly mutated into Christian angels.



Constantine I 'The Great' - Roman Emperor:
307-337 A.D.



Caesar (Recognized): 306-309 A.D. | Filius Augustorum (Recognized): 309-310 A.D.
| Augustus (Self-Proclaimed): 307-310 A.D. | Augustus (Recognized): 310-337 A.D.
|



| Son of Constantius I 'Chlorus' and Helena | Step-son of Theodora | Husband of
Minervina and Fausta | Father (by Minervina) of Crispus and (by Fausta) of
Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans, Constantina (wife of Hanniballianus &
Constantius Gallus) and Helena the Younger (wife of Julian II) | Son-in-law of
Maximian and Eutropia | Brother-in-law of Maxentius | Half-brother of Constantia
(w. of Licinius I) | Half-uncle of Delmatius, Hanniballianus, Constantius
Gallus, Julian II, Licinius II and Nepotian | Grandfather of Constantia (wife of
Gratian) |



Constantine the Great (Latin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus;
27 February c. 272 AD - 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint
Constantine (in the Orthodox Church as Saint Constantine the Great,
Equal-to-the-Apostles), was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. Constantine was
the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman army officer, and his consort
Helena. His father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west in 293 AD.
Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military
tribune under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was
raised to the rank of Augustus, senior western emperor, and Constantine was
recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia (Britain). Acclaimed as
emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in
306 AD, Constantine emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against the
emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by
324 AD.



As emperor, Constantine enacted many administrative, financial, social, and
military reforms to strengthen the empire. The government was restructured and
civil and military authority separated. A new gold coin, the solidus, was
introduced to combat inflation. It would become the standard for Byzantine and
European currencies for more than a thousand years. The first Roman emperor to
claim conversion to Christianity, Constantine played an influential role in the
proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which decreed tolerance for
Christianity in the empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, at
which the Nicene Creed was professed by Christians. In military matters, the
Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison
soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions.
Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman
frontiers-the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians-even
resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the
Third Century.



The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman
Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city
Constantinople after himself (the laudatory epithet of "New Rome" came later,
and was never an official title). It would later become the capital of the
Empire for over one thousand years; for which reason the later Eastern Empire
would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire. His more immediate political
legacy was that, in leaving the empire to his sons, he replaced Diocletian's
tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession. His reputation flourished
during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign. The medieval
church upheld him as a paragon of virtue while secular rulers invoked him as a
prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and
identity. Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of
his reign due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Critics
portrayed him as a tyrant. Trends in modern and recent scholarship attempted to
balance the extremes of previous scholarship.



Constantine is a significant figure in the history of Christianity. The Church
of the Holy Sepulchre, built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb
in Jerusalem, became the holiest place in Christendom. The Papal claim to
temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the supposed Donation of
Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine
Catholics, and Anglicans.








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A
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allison
Waukegan, US
★★★★★ 5
A great reference for Biblical factual archeology
Format: Paperback
I just received this book and I am so excited. It is a great tool and reference for Biblical studies. Each artifact has a great photograph next to the quick eye catching dates, discovery, period, keywords and Biblical passage. Then a brief but to the point description. It is simple and effective. Very easy to refer when reading your Bible or if you are just interested in archeology. Each artifact is about 2 pages and nothing more which is perfect for references. What a great book!
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Reviewed in the United States on March 1, 2025
S
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sandyrouse
Charlottesville, US
★★★★★ 5
Excellent and in-depth archeologic finds that authenticate Bible history.
Format: Paperback
Archeology is proving much of the Bible's history as true. This book really delves into various sites and provides a lot of detail. My type of reading.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 21, 2026
A
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Angie Criss
Battle Creek, US
★★★★★ 5
Great information and pictures
Format: Paperback
Great information on Biblical sites, beautiful pictures, and a pretty book as well. I gave several of these to my family for Christmas. Everyone seemed to love them. The only thing I will caution you about is that the book is small.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 22, 2026
M
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Mareadas
Massapequa, US
★★★★★ 4
Knowledgeable and delectable book.
Format: Paperback
This book shows an excellent archaeological evidence of the Bible accuracy of places, names, events, etc. and proving for the Christians that the Bible is a historical document as well as the inspired inerrant word of God. The majority of the book is interesting and delectable, I mean, the pages where the author presents archaeological facts such as the artifacts and their correlation with people, places times, events and practices recorded in the Bible. But I do not like when the author make personal assumptions and do not present any proof of that. He says: it probably be…. it may be… Here I show three cases of this conjectures;: 1.The author seems to affirm that the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, or at least, the name of this event, was derived from the Roman triumph celebration. He says (page 231), regarding to the Roman Empire and the life of Jesus: “By the time of Jesus, the requirements and meaning of a triumphal entry had shifted slightly from its earlier roots associating it with a conquering hero, as it became even more significant and representative of kingship and divinity”. He continues to say: “In ancient Roman culture, a triumphant victor, known as vir triumphalis (“man of triumph”) would enter the city in a celebration parade wearing the laurel wreath and a purple garment, which identified him with the royal and the divine, while riding in a chariot pulled by four horses, alluding to Sol the sun god”.  But if we compare the Roman triumph celebration with the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem described in the Bible, it is not derived from the Roman culture but is the exact fulfillment of the prophesy of Zechariah 9:9. I do not see any correlation between the two celebration; Jesus did not ride a horse but a donkey to signify peace, meekness and humility. It was not a pompous entrance of a conquering hero or king wearing a expensive garment and royal crown. 2.Even though, it is not possible to identify the location of the tomb of Jesus with absolute certainty; the author states (page 199) that the tomb of Jesus is located at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre possible based on “the restoration work to the edicule and an arcosolium tomb from the Roman period found in the church of the Holy Sepulchre”. The author also affirms without giving any proof that: “Christians in Jerusalem then passed down a continuous memory of the location of the tomb (of Jesus) from the time of the burial and resurrection in AD33 until construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was started in about AD326”. But where are the records of that time? The author probably based his statement on Eusebius who lived in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. According to the history , the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built by the Roman Emperor Constantine around 326 AD, when her mother the Queen Helena, wanted to replace the pagan temples with Christian churches; she met the Bishop Macarious of Jerusalem who determined the location where Jesus had been buried at the place where was a temple to the Greek goddess Venus. At the beginning of the construction of the church, a rock-cut tomb was found there and an edicule was built to protect the site. But later the edicule was destroyed and rebuild. More tombs has been found under this church. How to be sure or verify that this rock-cut tomb was the one where Jesus was buried? 3.The author is biased with respect to the Masoretic Text, he make a statement but does not support it with any evidence in this regard. Writing about the Dead Sea Scrolls (Page 173) he states: “And certain passages in the Masoretic text seem to have been intentionally modified to match ideas and theology of medieval Judaism.” it is a bad accusation.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 23, 2021
H
Verified Purchase
Harold Lau
Omaha, US
★★★★★ 5
Great Worth
Format: Paperback
The Book That Must Be Read!
WAS THIS REVIEW HELPFUL?YesReportShare
Reviewed in the United States on April 18, 2026

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